The Turing Test Essay -- essays research papers fc

One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the drive of intelligence in implements or, according to Minsky, the science of making apparatuss do things that would require intelligence if done by men.(qtd in Copeland 1). drippy Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in m some(prenominal) areas. We often dont notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email. (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea virtually the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the imitation game, since it is basically a game in which a computer imitates a conversating human. In an abbreviation of the Turing Test I will focus on its features, its historical background and the evaluation of its validity and imp ortance.First of all, the Test itself doesnt really have any complex features.As described by Haugeland, the procedure of the game is simple. Suppose that we have a soul, a machine, and an interrogator. The interrogator is in a room illogical from the other person and the machine. The participants in this game use teletypewriter to communicate with one another -- to avoid clues that might be offered by tone of voice, etc.The physical object of the game is for the interrogator to determine which of the other two is the person, and which is the machine. The interrogator knows the other person and the machine by the labels X and Y -- but, at least at the beginning of the game, does not know which of the other person and the machine is X -- and at the end of the game says either X is the person and Y is the machine or X is the machine and Y is the person.(29-30) The object of the machine is to try to cause the interrogator to mistakenly conclude that the machine is the other person t he object of the other person is to try to help the interrogator to correctly identify the machine.If a machine passes the test, then it is clear that for many ordinary tribe it would be a sufficient reason to say that that is a thinking machine. And, in fact, since it is able to conversate with a human and to actually fool him and convince him that the machine is human, this would seem t... ...ing Test and scientists of AI have different opinions about it. However there are some facts of which we can be sure of. The Turing Test was invented by a great scientist, it has had a long and rich history of 55 years and has played an important role in the science of Artificial Intelligence.BibliographyArtificial Intelligence. BBC. Mar. 3, 2005 Copeland, Jack. Artificial Intelligence A philosophical introduction.Oxford Blackwell, 1993.Floridi, Luciano. Philosophy and Computing An introduction. London Routledge, 1999.Haugeland, John, ed. Mind Design II Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial In telligenceUSA MIT Press, 2000.Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing and the Turing Test Mar. 15 2005 http//www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/test.htmlMillar P. H. On the point of the Imitation Game. Mind, New Series, Vol. 82, No 328 (Oct. 1973) 595 par1. Mar. 20, 2005 Oppy, Graham, Dowe, David, The Turing Test, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition), Mar. 10, 2005 . Whitby, Blay. Artificial Intelligence a beginners guide. Oxford Oneworld, 2004.

Abolish or Reform? :: essays research papers

Throughout the world, students are encouraged to attend steep cultivate and continue their education. However, many students find it worthless and be sleep with uninspired. They blame the faculty, school policies, and fellow students, when they should be blaming themselves. Unchallenging course work is near likely a sign that the student isnt taking a hard enough course. During my high school experience, students had the opportunity to take college courses through our high school. This gave the more advanced students a chance to practice the same routine as normal students, moreover steady challenge and educate themselves. Abolishing high school would not solve any problems in our educational system. There are many ways to remediate upon our school system however, we need to start at the beginning.In an essay by Harley Tong, high school is portrayed as a waste of judgment of conviction and a struggle to remain interested in schoolwork. He continues to describe his own experie nces and how they led him to begin his college career two years earlier than most students. He complains of the way that he was physically and verbally abused by other students, which is the case in many high schools. High school is not only a cognitive learning environment it is also a social learning environment. Students learn how to communicate with fellow pupils, teachers and administrators. They find out how to come independent from their parents and how to prepare for the rest of their lives. I believe that Harley Tong was simply too advanced for his surroundings. He most likely found the other students immature and didnt fit in with them. In his case, he found a solution to attend a community college instead of his high school, which I commend him for. numerous students in his situation would simply drop out, and that is not the answer.George F. Wills College Presidents Plan Abolish High School conveys ideas that had never cover my mind. He states, For various reasons, som e rooted in American history and others reflecting recent developments, education has become, for the moment, the most salient social concern and therefore the most potent political issue. Will introduces Leon Botstein, who doesnt actually option to abolish high school, just to change the structure of our schools in general. Botstein says that high school was created for 15- to 18-year-olds who were still children. In todays society, those children are now young adults who are physiologically and psychologically more advanced.

Fear In the Damp and Dark Gap Essays -- In the Damp and Dark Gap

Fear In the Damp and Dark Gap The usual signification of the French feminists "gap" transformed by dickhead Bushnell from silent entrapment to a meaning that signifies the "gap" as that which frees the separate and allows for the generation of a voice of the others own Circus of the Wolves. The famous masculine--self and feminine--other opposition will be freely utilized with the man and the circus representing the former and Kael and nature the latter. Gaps appear literally and figuratively throughout the text and with each appearance its meaning slowly, slowly, alters in the previously stated manner. Jack Bushnell says in a "Note from the Author" that the of the wolf (other) is "a natural world as distinct and separate from the humans (self) world as possible." The place of the Other, in other words, is separated, banished, and excluded from the sphere of self. The circus and the man be self insofar as they confine, harness, and attempt to st and the looker and wonder of the other by conforming the other into the mold and way of self.   Before going further, it should be noted that any appearance of anthropomorphizing the wolf is hardly that appearance. It is the place of the Other that receives the essences of human and not Kael in and of himself. Since Kael occupies the place of the Other the anthropomorphic transgression will seem to apply to the wolf when no certain transgression has occurred. Still, however, Kael must come to sense his occupation of the place of the Other. Kael falls into the gap constructed by his oppressors "...the damp and dark at the bottom of the hole panic-struck Kael." Kaels fear is of confinement and the discovery of himself as other... ...e frees himself through the gap left by his oppressors. The man allows for Kaels escape. He has come to know the beauty and power of the other and can no longer confine it. By obtaining the knowledge that reveals the nature of the ga p, Kael has discovered the means of utilizing the "gap" to the ends of freeing the other from the oppression of self. He has open the power of his own language, and its ability to take the self away from its world and into the place of the Other, Jack Bushnell has found in Kael a character that can immerse the gap with the emotive gynergy of other, thus disallowing its existence as a simple lacunary absence without voice. The place of the Other radiates its own incandescent brilliance, seething with the growing saturation of the new choral power......O... Circus of the Wolves, Lothrop, Lee, and Shepherd 1993  

Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Same-sex Marriage Laws Violate Gay R

Laws Violate Gay Rights   When I was in third grade, I larn that there atomic number 18 certain inalienable rights-- the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness -- all of which the united States government is committed to protecting for every human. Last week, I learned this government feels that these human rights are limited to some people, based on how they choose to practice sex. In two separate legislations last week, the United States Senate pass discrimination against homosexual Americans.   The issue recently surfaced in Hawaii when the narrate denied marriage privileges to a lesbian couple. In May 1993, the State Supreme judicature ruled in a 3-1 decision that the states exclusion of same-sex marriage was sexual discrimination and thus unconstitutional unless there was compelling evidence for it. In 1995, a governors commission recommended the state grant marital rights to homosexuals.   The full faith and credit clause of the U.S. Constitut ion says that states must accord reciprocity to laws (and contracts) of otherwise states. Thus a couple could get married in Hawaii, move to another state and demand that the state recognize their marriage contract unless laws in the new state conflict directly with laws in the former state.   This led the House to pass the Defense of Marriage Act (DoMA) this July with the Senate concurring on Sept. 10. Social Security, Veter-ans and other federal benefits such as married tax status will simply be denied to Americans who do not conform to a sexual pattern preferable by others in society. I dont know where in the Constitution Congress is permitted to legislate the morality that a man must marry a woman. Furthermore, DoMA permits states to... ... other may make some people uncomfortable. But their union does not infringe on anyone elses life, liberty or pursuit of happiness, and they have a look at to pursue their human rights and marry each other.   What has Congress t o gain by passing this restrictive law? It is only election-year politics to woo the radical right.   The United States government is unfairly discriminating against a portion of the United States population and we should not stand for this public gay bashing. Discrimination is still legal because the stones throw failed 50-49. Senator Pryor (D-Ark.) was attending his sons cancer surgery otherwise, he would have supported the bill. Vice President Al Gore had promised to break the tie in support of the bill, entirely the motion failed.   Now it is legally OK to not hire someone based on his or her sexual preference.

The Chinese Culture Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Chinese CultureThis penning is about the myths and beliefs of the Chinese culture. Its aboutthe stories the Chinese created to explain the world around them, and gener eachyhow they perceived their surrounding environment. This report deals withancient myths and the people who believed them, and what the current believes ofthese people atomic number 18.The Southwest Creation StoryThe Southwest creation allegory is a myth which explains why people are different.The myth begins by saying that there were people on earth who were all alike,meaning there werent people who were black, white, oriental, etc.. It statesthat the humans on earth all generally were the same. There were also gods wholived above the clouds in the heavens. And there was a huge heavenly ladderwhich started on a mountain and reached all the guidance up to heavens door. Itgoes on to describe a story of a man who had two children. One was a girl and theother was a boy.They lived in a house which had a huge ve ry thick roof. The man had built theroof so thick because it rained almost every day. He hated the rain. He knewit had its benefits but too much of it ruined his crops, destroyed his livestockand every time it rained the roof of the house was destroyed. And every timethe man rebuilt it, he make it thicker and thicker. He blamed all hismisfortune on the Duke of Thunder. The Duke of Thunder was one of the gods wholived in the heavens. He was the god of rain and thunder. The man dispised theDuke very much and had a pure hatred of him.Every time it rained the Duke would descend from the heavens and stand on ahilltop. There he would watch with pure delight as the rains and thunder camedown harder and harder. Finally the man had had enough. One day he took hisaxe and waited on the hilltop for the Duke to arrive. When the rains came so didthe Duke, and the man slashed him in the back. The Duke was cause to be perceived but non killed because he was a god. The man caged him and brought him home. He put him in a corner and warned the kids not to go near him. And toespecially not give him water. The next morning was a beautiful sunny one, butthe Duke looked horrible almost as if he was dehydrating. The man told thechildren he had to go to the grocery store and said again not to go near the Duke nomatter wha... ... his son. Zoa was killed by his ownbrother who was ashamed of what his younger sibling had become. What themagician didnt tell Zoa was which close relative would kill him. Zoa whohad become overconfident wasnt as great as he thought he was. And he wastoo arrogant to not know that the gods should not be challenged. This mythtells that becoming overconfident will eventually hurt you and that no onecould beat their destiny. The Chinese in this story believed in the gods,they were very religious people and this myth tells that the gods should notbe challenged.Both of these myths were written a long time ago and I dont intend that thepeople today still believe in these myths as strongly as the people who wrotethem did. I think its like Halloween in our culture. We still serve thecustom as the ancient people did but we dont have as much as a strong believein ghosts and goblins as our ancestors did.BibliographyBirch, Cyril. Chinese Myths And Fantasies. Great Britain London, 1992.Fei, Charles. Strange Creatures. New York, 1990Ke, Yuan. Dragons And Dynasties. China Beijing, 1993*Chinese Myths.* Grolier Encyclopaedia, 12th ed. 1996.

Remembering Blue and Gray from Black and White Essay -- Informative, H

Tony Horwitz takes a journey through the South to find out why concourse are still obsessed with the civilized War. On his adventure, he met a wide variety of people and he learned that each person has their avow opinion of the state of war and remembers it in their own way. The Civil War was fought by Americans, on each side, and they all should remember it the same way, but as Horwitz found out on his quest, they are drastically distinguishable and still very controversial. Horwitz described different concurrences that undoubtedly show race plays a role in how the Civil War is remembered.The first engine block of Horwitzs journey was in Salisbury, North Carolina. Here, he met Sue and Ed Curtis who introduced him to the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. These two groups consisted of people from different backgrounds a doctor, grind worker, gun-shop owner, etc. The only thing these people had in common was their ancestry they all had blo od ties to someone who fought in the Civil War. Their ancestors fought in the war to sustain their honor and they were fighting for what they believed in, which was state sovereignty. Horwitz was invited to attend a Sons of Confederate Veterans meeting they had to celebrate Lee and Jacksons birthdays. The main example of the meeting was a Lee-Jackson trivia quiz. Though it is a captivating game where one can learn facts about these two distinguishing men of the Civil War, it is expert a game. It has no relevance for remembering the Civil War for what it truly was. The members are remembering certain Confederate men of the war, not the whole war entirely. At this meeting, Horwitz met several different men and had questions for them. Horwitz went see the owner of the gun shop to get h... ...hose to sacrifice to stand up for what they believed in, whether it was right or wrong. Hodge besides admits to Horwitz that reenacting was a way for him to escape from the twentieth century a nd all the complicating matters life brings (H-209-281). Horwitz does not believe that racism is an omnipresent characteristic in the different slipway the Civil War is remembered, but he does recognize that it plays a very crucial role in the memory of the Civil War. He meets several different people (Connor, Wells, and Hodge) that show great respect and recognize the importance of the war. In his work, Horwtiz shows that some individuals and activities are more racist than others. These activities are usually performed by people who lack the knowledge of the true reason the Civil War occurred. These unfortunate people show great stupidity and thoughtlessness in their actions.

Remembering Blue and Gray from Black and White Essay -- Informative, H

Tony Horwitz takes a journey through the South to find out why stack are still obsessed with the Civil War. On his adventure, he met a wide variety of people and he learned that each person has their possess opinion of the war and remembers it in their own way. The Civil War was fought by Americans, on each side, and they all should remember it the same way, but as Horwitz instal out on his quest, they are drastically different and still very controversial. Horwitz described different concurrences that undoubtedly show race plays a role in how the Civil War is remembered.The first stop of Horwitzs journey was in Salisbury, North Carolina. Here, he met Sue and Ed Curtis who introduced him to the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of accomplice Veterans. These dickens groups consisted of people from different backgrounds a doctor, factory worker, gun-shop owner, etc. The only thing these people had in common was their ancestry they all had blood ties to someone who f ought in the Civil War. Their ancestors fought in the war to preserve their honor and they were fighting for what they believed in, which was state sovereignty. Horwitz was invited to attend a Sons of Confederate Veterans meeting they had to celebrate lee and Jacksons birthdays. The main event of the meeting was a Lee-Jackson trivia quiz. Though it is a captivating game where one can learn facts almost these two distinguishing men of the Civil War, it is just a game. It has no relevance for remembering the Civil War for what it truly was. The members are remembering certain Confederate men of the war, not the whole war entirely. At this meeting, Horwitz met several different men and had questions for them. Horwitz went see the owner of the gun shop to get h... ...hose to sacrifice to patronise up for what they believed in, whether it was right or wrong. Hodge also admits to Horwitz that reenacting was a way for him to escape from the twentieth century and all the complicating ma tters life brings (H-209-281). Horwitz does not believe that racism is an ubiquitous characteristic in the different ways the Civil War is remembered, but he does recognize that it plays a very crucial role in the storage of the Civil War. He meets several different people (Connor, Wells, and Hodge) that show great respect and recognize the importance of the war. In his work, Horwtiz shows that some individuals and activities are more racist than others. These activities are usually performed by people who lack the knowledge of the true reason the Civil War occurred. These unfortunate people show great unwiseness and thoughtlessness in their actions.